Labor economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labor economics - Essay Example Employers would want to reduce costs and maximize profits. Therefore, employers will increase the minimum wage and decrease the number of employees to maintain their profitability. Various factors determine the size of the effect of an increase in the minimum wage on employment in perfect competition. First is nonmonetary compensation/ incentives, where employers reduce fringe benefits and increase the minimum wage without incurring additional costs. Second is the increased cost of a product. In the model economy, a corporation that increases its minimum wage reacts slowly to a corresponding rise in the price of its product than its competition in the industry (Card & Kruger, 792). The buyer has the ability to purchase a good at a lower price in a competitive market because he/ she can affect its price. Collusive behavior among buyers that influences the elasticity of the supply curve gives buyers monopsony power. The minimum wage increase might have a positive effect on employment if firms have significant monopsony power (Mangunsong, n.p.). This paper relies on studies such as the analysis of 410 fast food restaurants in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, which increased the minimum wage to $ 5.05 from $ 4.25. The study shows reduced employment in each state for companies that were paying the minimum wage of $4.25. The effect was insignificant for those that had their minimum wage at $5.05 (Card & Kruger, 792). However, it is hard to standardized results, since employers face supply limitations in both monopsony and equilibrium models. The range of estimates produced by studies may be invalid due partly to differences in working hours for part- time and full-time employees. Individual skills and in-house job training also affect the results of increasing minimum wages since it affects employee efficiency, which in turn

Paper on Haroun and the Sea of Stories Essay Example for Free

Paper on Haroun and the Sea of Stories Essay A tale of adventure can pertain to an individual’s journey, whether it is a story in which the character physically journeys from one place to another, or a story encompassing a journey within the character. Salman Rushdie’s Haroun and The Sea of Stories takes readers on a journey of their own as they experience the enchanting tale of a young boy, Haroun, and his heroic journey from one realm to another. In a way, this story amounts to the structure of the standard hero’s journey, however revising the structured way the series of events unfolds. Characteristic of a hero’s myth, Haroun is an ordinary young boy at the beginning of the novel. His father tells stories, yet never comes forth with a legitimate explanation of their creation. As it turns out, the stories that Haroun’s father has told are in fact magically gathered from a different world than is known to ordinary man. Haroun encounters the magical water genie that provides his father with his flow of stories. This water genie notes the beginning of a profound journey between different worlds and environments, working to spark realizations and character evolvement. The mystical world created by Rushdie envelops the reader as the context lays out incredible imagery—immense enough to pull one into its story like a harsh tide could pull back into the sea. A mythic hero journey typically begins with an ordinary character, called to adventure for one reason or another. In Rushdie’s work, Haroun embodies this heroic character, when he realizes he is at fault for his father’s inability to continue with story telling. When he encounters the water genie, the genie becomes his mentor in a sense—bringing him from the ordinary world to his magical world of stories, where Haroun will be able to save his father’s stories. The reader becomes increasingly aware of Haroun’s motive and drive when he drinks a certain wishwater and sees his father’s face in his mind: â€Å"just do this one thing for me, my boy, just this one little thing† (Rushdie, 70). With this motivation, Haroun proclaims himself a hero for a cause—his father. However, as the story progresses, he becomes all the more heroic as the story land is faced with problems of its own and Haroun steps in to help. Haroun crosses into a new realm, as a hero would in a mythic story, yet does so without knowing his ultimate cause. Furthermore, a standard hero typically has a point in which he doubts going on the journey or quest. This becomes a waiting period in which the hero is depressed or setback. Haroun experiences his setbacks in different ways, which revises the natural alignment of the hero tale. He faces a problem in which he cannot focus for more than eleven minutes, and because of this cannot focus enough to effectively use his mind. When he fails to make the wishwater useful, he feels like a failure, as typical for a hero at this point of doubt. However, this moment is quick and does not hold much significance until the end of the novel, when he can finally use his attention for beneficial outcome. A hero story is incomplete without an ultimate enemy and an army to help back the heroic cause. Through his journey, Haroun stays true to this plot of the heroic myth, and creates a set of allies when he explores this new world. He meets the bird Iff, the floating gardener Mali, the page Blabbermouth, and of course the water genie. After his allies have been collected, Haroun is made aware of the enemy: Kattham Shud. Upon hearing his name, â€Å"Haroun felt his blood run cold† (75). After the enemy has been pronounced, another journey is to be taken to rid the land of stories of its troubles. Haroun’s father somehow winds up on the second world and aids in this heroic feat. The story continues with multiple themes of the typical heroic myth, including the conquering of the enemy, a profound heroic moment and realization, and the return home. Haroun is still a young boy, but he has become a hero and has matured with the soul of a man. His accomplishments match those of a mythic hero story, yet they differ in the sense that he is a boy, and needs guidance and support from elders and those with more knowledge. Additionally, the story did not play out exactly how one would ordinarily unfold. However, this story of heroic accomplishment and inward stride is one representing a story of ultimate journey: both inward and outward.

The Effect Of Globalisation On Corporate Social Responsibility

The Effect Of Globalisation On Corporate Social Responsibility This study will discuss the effect of globalisation on corporate social responsibility and interpret the current situation of the practice of corporate social responsibility in China. First, this study will give the comprehensive understanding of The Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalisation Most firms take ethical and moral behaviours and activities expressing the concerns of consumers and shareholders interests or increase the investment in the corporate social responsibility projects. However, the previous aspects are not the true understandings of corporate social responsibility. Baker (2003) proposed that corporate social responsibility is about how firms employ and control their business activities and processes producing a positive outcome for the whole society. Moreover, the definition from the European Commission (2011) is more comprehensive and meaning, which is that companies incorporate social and environmental concerns into their business activities and the interaction with their shareholders and consumers to benefit the whole society. These definitions on corporate social responsibility concentrate on the improvement of social welfare and society. However, the definition from the European Commission further indicates that environmental, social and ethical i ssues are embedded in the business processes. In this study, the true meaning of corporate social responsibility is that firms integrate environmental, social and ethical issues in business processes and decision making process with the motivation of benefiting the stakeholders. The concept of globalisation is described as one of the most leading thoughts considerably affecting modern business theories and practices. This concept significantly make most scholars and practitioners concentrate on its influences on every aspect of human living and modern business, such as economic restructure, firms business operation, environment sustainability, culture, technology and governance (Bhagwati, 2004). Scherer and Palazzo (2008) proposed that globalisation is defined as a process of amplification and acceleration of social activities and economic cooperation across areas and countries. This process makes multinational corporates gain more free space and flexible to employ international business and trade for more profits. However, without more restricts on law, regulation and social influence in a specific area or country, new global problems and challenges are produced during this process, such as climate change, distribution of income and welfare and terrorism (S cherer and Palazzo, 2008). In early stage, globalisation involves the transformation and development of technologies in host countries, information sharing in different economies or continents, human resource mobility, and foreign investment from developed economies to less developed countries. However, both developed economies and developing economies have critically encountered religious, environmental and social issues resulting from globalisation (Elizabeth, 2005; Miles, 2007; Lauder et al., 2006). Under the influence of globalisation, economic liberalization, international cooperation between different countries and the previous aspects, such as the transformation of technologies and others, considerable countries have experienced the benefits from globalisation. Furthermore, these countries also need more efforts to be encountered with the challenges and threats created by globalisation. The Impact of Globalisation on Corporate Social Responsibility For multinational corporates, globalisation not only brings more opportunities and benefits for multinational corporates, but also makes multinational corporates adapt to the changing environment and accept the unprecedented challenges in the global level, industrial level and other levels. Corporate social responsibility is considered as one of the most significant aspects facing firms employing international business. In other words, multinational corporates reconsiders the fact that the moral, ethical, environmental and social issues should be incorporated into the process of decision making on business strategies and operations. Globalisation to a great extent promotes this evolution of corporate social responsibility all over the world. In one hand, globalisation further makes the public and organizations recognize and understand the negative consequences, such as the increasing income inequality, the exploitation of labour, and environmental unsustainability (Thomson, 2002). Since multinational corporates and their business further deepen this trend of the negative consequences, corporate responsibility is paid more attention to by the public and international community. However, on other hand, the development of international business and the activities of multinational firms are considered as the solution of global problems, such as the supplier of public goods and the protection of citizenship rights and human rights (Matten and Crane, 2005). Corporate social responsibility is to some extent viewed as one of the considerable forces to solve the negative consequences of globalisation and the existing glo bal problems. The following will give the specific discussion on globalisation and its effect on corporate social responsibility. In accordance with the theoretical perspective, there are two aspects of the effect of globalisation on corporate social responsibility. First, economic growth not only makes the public and national governments concentrate on welfare augmentation and its benefits for the society, but also makes them recognize that economic development is the consequence of the combination of social, economic and moral implications (Friedman, 2006). In ideal environment, economic growth will provide the equal distribution of income and welfare, the respect and protection of human rights and other aspects, which all people will share. However, globalisation to a certain extent further intensifies the phenomenon on inequality. During this process, who to be responsible for the balance between economic growth and inequality is considered as the significant path of coping with the negative consequences of globalisation. This study argues that governments, firms, consumers are described as the principal un dertaker. For firms, they are significant undertakers responsible for the public and social interests and moral issues. The firms incorporate social, environmental and moral issues into the process of their decision making and take the rational responsible behaviour and activities, which brings more and more profits for their shareholders and interests for their stakeholders in the long term. However, some firms made some decision and illegal and immoral and were responsible for the bad consequences. For instance, Enron scandal is considered as the most important example on illegal operation and misbehaviour making shareholders responsible for the huge loss (Healy and Palepu, 2003). Second, during the process of globalisation, the firms can maximize the efficiency and the performance of firms business through the worldwide allocation of resources. Nevertheless, the firms encounter the fierce competition beyond the spectrum of country or area. The competition not only brings more value and interests for their consumers, but also makes firms rethink their concerns of social, ethical and environmental issues and decision making process. There is a fact that more and more consumers concern the perception of firms environmental and social issues and socially responsible behaviours. Furthermore, the shareholders and stakeholders also focus on the implement of the strategies on environment and social communities. They will invest in the responsible and sustainable companies that produce the benefits and profits in the long term. Based on these facts from consumers and shareholders, more and more companies concentrate on the implementation and development of social resp onsibility. In summary, during the process of globalisation, there are the emergence of the global problems and negative consequences, such as global warming and climate change, the increasing unequal distribution of income and welfare, the abuse and invasion of human rights and others. These elements promote the focus and implement of corporate social responsibilities when multinational corporates employ international business and trade. Moreover, the worldwide competition and consumers and shareholders perception make the firms recognize and rethink corporate social responsibility and decision making process concerning environmental, social and ethical issues. The Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility in China China is considered as the second largest economy experiencing the rapid and stable economic growth and development, even in the term of financial crisis. The annual growth of Chinas economy is over 9 per cent, which is the worldwide fastest growing economy because of the implement of Open Door policy in 1978. Moreover, the economic development of China to a great extent is benefited from globalisation. Since implementing the trade and finance liberalisation and foreign investment policies, China is described as one of the most significant destinations of foreign direct investment. However, this process of globalisation results in the increasing pressure on environment and resource, labour relations and work conditions, human rights and community development because of the foreign firms seeking the labour force of cheaper cost and natural resource. Ho and Welford (2006) indicated that environmental pollution and community press in China made local communities and society stop new plants with environmental pollution and other projects. During the past three decades, the leading foreign companies are the dominated drive force to implement corporate social responsibility in China. Today, the Chinese Government recognized and understood the environmental pressure and the effect on the further development of economy and society. In terms of See (2008), a Harmonious Society policy proposed by Chinese President Hu Jintao is dedicated to develop a Chinese own development approach. One element of this policy is the sustainable development and social responsibility. More over, the Chinese Government has encouraged the private sector to implement corporate social responsibility. The following will focus on the two aspects of corporate social responsibility including the environment and the labour. In accordance with Liu and Diamond (2005), air pollution, water pollution, severe biodiversity situation and energy waster make China responsible for the worst environment and development pressure. This fact indicates that environmental issues may be considered as the most significant challenge or opportunity facing firms in China. For example, the leading milk production and packing firm-Mengniu cooperating with World Wide Fund for Nature aims to further reduction of carbon emission (China CSR, 2010). Furthermore, the Chinese Government promote corporate social responsibility and environment sustainable and protection from several aspects, such as the supervision and regulation making of the Governments State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and the environmental requirement of IPO (Initial Public Offering) from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). Referring to the labour, the rights of migrant workers and other labour issues in China cannot be effectively protected and at risk of exploitation (Welford and Frost, 2006). There are a huge number of migrant workers from home to southern cities to obtain better wages and others. Chan (2001) indicated that Shenzhen, as the first city of implementing the Open Door policy, has 12 million migrant workers, which account for over 92 per cent of the total population in Shenzhen city. Although there are some laws and regulation on labour relations and protection, the exploitation of labour exists in many provinces and may worsen. For instance, more than 13 workers employed by Foxconn Company in China committed suicide in 2010 because of labour rights (Pomfret et al., 2010). The severe labour rights and their work conditions are the most significant aspects facing the firms implementing corporate social responsibility.

Henry Ford :: essays research papers

In 1915, in an effort to end World War I, he headed a privately sponsored peace expedition to Europe that failed dismally, but after the American entry into the war he was a leading producer of ambulances, airplanes, munitions, tanks, and submarine chasers. In 1918 he ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate on the Democratic ticket. After weathering a severe financial crisis in 1921, he began producing high-priced motor cars along with other vehicles and founded branch firms in England and in other European countries. Strongly opposed to trade unionism, Ford–who incurred considerable antagonism because of his paternalistic attitude toward his employees and his statements on political and social questions–stubbornly resisted union organization in his factories by the United Automobile Workers until 1941. A staunch isolationist before World War II, Ford again converted his factories to the production of war material after 1941. In 1945 he retired. Other Accomplishments and Controversies His numerous philanthropies, in addition to the Ford Foundation, included $7.5 million for the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and $5 million for a museum in Dearborn, where in 1933 he established Greenfield Village–a reproduction of an early American village. Ford also wrote, in collaboration with Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (1923), Today and Tomorrow (1926), Moving Forward (1931), and Edison as I Knew Him (1930). Ford's international reputation made him a natural target for journalists. His libel suit against the Chicago Tribune in 1919 led to an examination by the Tribune attorney, intended to show Ford's lack of education. Anti-Semitic articles in Ford's Dearborn Independent brought further legal controversy; he was forced to apologize for the articles. In the 1930s, Ford was widely attacked for employing Harry Bennett, a former boxer who established a squad of thugs to spy, beat up, and otherwise intimidate union organizers. Ford was also a poor manager who failed to capitalize on his company's early success. In the 1920s he failed to respond to consumer tastes by introducing new models and the company fell far behind General Motors. By the time of his retirement, the company's accounting procedures were so primitive that Ford's managers were unable to accurately tell how much it cost to manufacture a car and the company was losing $9.5 million a month. Later Generations His son, Edsel Bryant Ford, 1893—1943, b. Detroit, shared in the control of the vast Ford industrial interests. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1919 until his death, when his father once more became (1943) president of the company.

Feasibility Study on Whitening Soap Essay

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With today’s generation being very conscious of their skin, both men and women are faced with the problem of choosing different kinds of whitening products. As students that are looking for other ways to earn money, our group has come up with the idea of making a whitening soap that not only serves its main purpose of whitening but also give the users the satisfaction of using soaps that have great scents and are appealing to the consumers. Competitive Advantage It is a fact that the majority of the consumers of whitening products are from the teens and young adults that seek to nurture their skin and complexion. Our product clearly has an advantage compared to other whitening products because first it is very appealing to the consumers both men and women of all ages because of its unique color and the selection of different scents. Target Market Since the recent trend in beauty products in today’s market is widely on whitening and anti-aging, and the fact that people are very conscious with their appearance, has constituted to the advocates of this study to choose the following target segment. Target Segments Middle-aged women that are beauty conscious: This group of people is usually those that have adequate income to purchase beauty products. They are also the ones that prioritize in preserving their appearance since they are the ones that are starting to age. Dark skinned people: These are the people that wish to have a lighter skin tone and want to achieve their goal instantly. II. BUSINESS PLAN Business Model A Marketing Strategy The biggest challenge that will be faced by selling our product is that we have many competitors in the beauty industry and many of them are already established companies and sellers. The primary business target markets are the Universities and Banks that constitute the major clients of the beauty industry. B Product Strategy Since the current market is already made up of many suppliers and sellers of beauty products most specifically in whitening, we have made our product more appealing in terms of its colors and shape that other products don’t have. Capital Requirement 5,000 Php DETAILED COST ALLOCATION FOR 3 YEARS Particulars Indirect Materials Box for repacking15,800 Delivery Fare10,500 Cash Flow With this capital requirement, we will be able to buy 45 pcs of soap for our group and we will be able to repack them and sell them for 120 per pc. If everything goes well, we will reinvest the money we have earned for more products in order for us to generate more income. Forecasted Net Income SalesP 263,250 Cost of sales 182,250 Other Expenses 26,300 Gross ProfitP 54,700 *This forecasted net income is income for three years. Recommendation and Findings The fact that our group chose to buy and sell instead of manufacturing our own product, we will be able to generate income with just a little amount of capital. We will also find it easier in the field of buying and selling because we will only order products and repack them only when clients will be ordering from us and thus we will not be holding products for long periods of times before selling them. Conclusion We therefore conclude that investing 5,000 in this industry will prove to be beneficial for us because it proves that we can generate profit from it.

5-Paragraph Essay

5-Paragraph Essay Learners are having loads of trouble in writing 5-paragraph essays these days, with the mounting load of homework, and occasionally, amateur careers; the students cannot probably put in writing their own 5-paragraph essays. There are some learners who sometimes do not encompass the capability or instant to write their 5-paragraph essays all by themselves. They have no knowledge about how and what to write. Countless students try to find 5-paragraph essays on the internet. If they duplicate from an author or site, it is copying. Thus, the students fruitlessly search for a solution to this dilemma. The response comes in the shape of the abundant online 5-paragraph essay writing corporations that aid people who could do with help in writing their 5-paragraph essays. Yet, this manner moreover has a negative aspect. Quite a lot of companies that declare to present good 5-Paragraph essays are swindling. They entangle the students in their lock in, rob their cash, and devastate their time. This is in all probability one of the small number of reasons why scholars etc. are frightened of obtaining aid from 5-paragraph essay writing corporations. These companies might appear everywhere and make fake undertakings for receiving wealth. Innocent students are green in distinguishing these companies and are ensnared by them. Nevertheless, we cannot allow this cause to turn into a barrier in their way for 5-paragraph essay writing. An individual can effortlessly save cash and avoid the threat by spotting these fraud companies, but the real difficulty comes in recognizing them. You can keep the following tips in mind while writing a 5-paragraph essay: 1. Stick to the topic of your essay. Do not wander off to other topics. 2.  Add quotations and give references if your essay requires it. 3.  Add your own opinions if and only if the essay requires it. It is always a good idea to ask your teacher beforehand. 4.  Start from a short definition or explanation of the topic. 5.  Be very sure of the data that you add in your essay. Search the internet or an encyclopedia. 6.  Keep in mind that the essay is meant to provide the reader a true account of all the happenings. In case of historical essays, be very sure of the names and places you are mentioning and take the help of a book or encyclopedia to be certain. 7.  Cut off the additional ‘fat’ from your essay to make it precise and accurate. 8.  Be to-the-point in your essay and avoid too many details. Nothing bores a reader as much as an essay with unending descriptions.

Containment and Two Superpowers essays

Containment and Two Superpowers essays After World War II, two super powers emerged; the United States of America and the Soviet Union. The competing ideologies led American leaders to pursue a policy of containment. The struggle that ensued between these two powerful nations is now referred to as the Cold War. From the 1940s to 1990 tensions developed between two superpower nation. The united states and the Soviet Union had an era of confrontation and competition. In 1945 President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin met at Yalta in order to plan a postwar world. They discussed issues over Poland and came to an agreement that soviets could set up a government within it. Stalin agreed that the government would include members of the prewar Polish government and that free elections would be help as soon as possible. In this a Declaration of Liberated Europe was formed. Soviets broke the Declaration which caused tensions to rise between the United States and Soviet Union. But before action could be taken, President Roosevelt died and Harry Truman took office. Truman met Stalin at Potsdam to decide what to do with Germany. The communist countries became satellite counties. The countries that separated communist and the non communist became known as the iron curtain. Along telegram was released by George Kennon, which explained his views on soviet goals which he thought Europe was experiencing hardships after the war and was in search for a way to secure there economy which the Soviets could provide. The U.S. should take advantage of this in order to keep the government within its borders.(2) After this in 1947 the Truman Doctrine was formed in which Truman asked for 400 million dollars to fight soviet aggression in Greece and Turkey. The goal of this was to free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities of outside pressure. Greece was being terrorized by the soviets because they wanted to expand there government. Greeces army was ...

Guitar essays

Guitar essays I found, after we finished touring, that what I loved spending my life doing was playing the guitar all the time said John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers (Turner 193). For many people, the guitar is a tremendous source of enjoyment and fulfillment in their lives. The study of the guitar is exciting because there is always something new to discover and achieve. The guitar is a unique and versatile instrument with many different parts. It needs no accompanist because it provides harmony ... I found, after we finished touring, that what I loved spending my life doing was playing the guitar all the time said John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers (Turner 193). For many people, the guitar is a tremendous source of enjoyment and fulfillment in their lives. The study of the guitar is exciting because there is always something new to discover and achieve. The guitar is a unique and versatile instrument with many different parts. It needs no accompanist because it provides harm ony ... I found, after we finished touring, that what I loved spending my life doing was playing the guitar all the time said John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers (Turner 193). For many people, the guitar is a tremendous source of enjoyment and fulfillment in their lives. The study of the guitar is exciting because there is always something new to discover and achieve. The guitar is a unique and versatile instrument with many different parts. It needs no accompanist because it provides harmony ... ...

HR Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Strategy - Essay Example In this paper, I will be analysing the internal and external fits approach to HR strategy. Strategic human resources management (SHRM) takes a strategic approach to organisational human resource management. SHRM concerns itself with the design and implementation of internal policy practices that consistently enhance the human capital’s ability to contribute to the bigger organisational goals (Wei, 2006). The strategic aims of HR revolve around cost containment and management of business risks. To achieve this, the HR function attempts to recruit highly talented, able and willing employees and managing these human resources optimally. The most critical asset for any organisation is therefore its human capital; productivity and profitability greatly depend on the motivation and desire people to perform as well as the support they get from managements. Strategically, HR strives to attain and manage two kinds of fits i.e. internal and external fit. On the perspective of external fit, the HR function’s systems, structures and management practices should be consistent with the particular firm’s stage in development. Organisational needs change with growth; having an understanding of just how the organisation is changing with growth makes it easier to understand the necessary human resource adjustments. From the approach of internal fit, the structure, systems and HRM practices need to be synergistic i.e. the HR function must put in place structures and systems that support and complement one another while contributing to organisational objectives. The HR function must therefore ensure its strategy enables the organisation to perform, attain competitive edge and ultimately make profits (Lloyd and Ilan, 1998). According to Pfeffer (1998) effective people management can tremendously enhance organisational performance both financially, socially and economically. He describes seven organisational characteristics consistent in most if not all firms

Master thesis review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Master thesis review - Article Example Looking at this understanding, the topic was perfect. Two major studies conducted in year 1992 and 2001 shows that the western-European parties, including Norwegian parties, lost members and continue doing so. This proves the phenomenal growth of the Norwegian Progress Party, Fremskrittspartiet, is an exception and hence worth studying. The thesis is strongly supported by proper utilization of extensive literature review, data and qualitative method. The thesis, ‘Explaining membership growth in the Norwegian Progress Party from 1973 to 2008,’ is a case study (Mjelde 2008, p.1). Case study can be defined as â€Å"a detailed examination of an aspect of a historical episode to develop or test historical explanations that may be generalized to other events†(George & Baskette 2005, p.4). The selection of case study as a methodology proved to be advantageous in many ways. The intention of the author was to study the membership growth of the Progress Party in its breadth and depth (Mjelde 2008, p.6). Hence, the choice of case study as a method for this topic was appropriate. The two important strengths of the case study method are: 1. Conceptual Validity, 2. Deriving new hypothesis (George & Baskette 2005, pp.19-22). The choice of case study method helped the author due to its strengths in following ways: Case study allows the researcher to study the validity of the concept at high level(George & Baskette 2005, p. 19). The study of the membership growth in the Norwegian Progress Party was a difficult study as it demanded the researcher to study the growth in presence of different contexts. To study the theoretical concept in depth, it is important to identify and measure the factors that

The Changing Role of International Banking Dissertation

The Changing Role of International Banking - Dissertation Example These developments, unlike before when they were only restricted to the availability of trade credit with impromptu financing sovereigns, now extends well beyond this to define the changing role of the international banks in development finance. The international banking industry, through its penetrating operations and services in the developing countries, has now extended its services offered to the developing countries with the realization of efficient operating infrastructure, local agencies and smaller branches which have now grown to form part of the local banking industries of the developing countries. The international banking industry now performs series of financial transactions with the local banks in the developing world. They provide, to many industries and companies, a reliable gateway through which organizations, sovereigns, banks and other financial institutions perform foreign exchange and related derivatives, transfer funds, borrow money and invest their profits. The new role played by the international banks to the developing countries have created financial instability in the developing countries with their over reliance on the international banks. This calls for a redefinition of the policies guarding the relationships between the international banking industry and the local banks of the developing countries. Even though the coordination of policy of late has majorly focuses on the liquidity provision collaboration, financial scholars, participants of the market and policy makers have the need to focus on the long-term reevaluation and assessment that concerns the stringency that the financial regulation faces and the effects... The international banking industry, through its penetrating operations and services in the developing countries, has now extended its services offered to the developing countries with the realization of efficient operating infrastructure, local agencies and smaller branches which have now grown to form part of the local banking industries of the developing countries. The international banking industry now performs series of financial transactions with the local banks in the developing world. They provide, to many industries and companies, a reliable gateway through which organizations, sovereigns, banks and other financial institutions perform foreign exchange and related derivatives, transfer funds, borrow money and invest their profits.The new role played by the international banks to the developing countries have created financial instability in the developing countries with their over reliance on the international banks. This calls for a redefinition of the policies guarding the relationships between the international banking industry and the local banks of the developing countries. Even though the coordination of policy of late has majorly focuses on the liquidity provision collaboration, financial scholars, participants of the market and policy makers have the need to focus on the long-term reevaluation and assessment that concerns the stringency that the financial regulation faces and the effects of asset markets to the stability and independence of the financial industry.

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features - Essay Example The hanging wall slides going up past the footwall. The pushing forces that cause reserve faults are compressional which tries to thrust both the sides together. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall is the part that moves upward. Reverse faults are also occasionally called thrust faults. The term thrust fault is used to classify a fault with plates under the ocean. These kinds of faults can instigate more damage and destruction than strike-slips faults. The massive Sumatra earthquake in 2004, which cracked the biggest fault length of any documented earthquake, is an example of a reverse fault earthquake. The second type of fault is the normal fault, in which the pressure force that causes it is tension. The hanging wall moves downward as the footwall slides past it, going up. The forces that generate normal faults pull both sides apart, or extensional. Although it is termed a normal fault, a normal fault is not the most frequently occurring out of all the other types of faults. The term normal refers to the propensity for the movement of this type of fault to follow the direction of gravity. Examples of a normal fault are The Cabrillo Fault and The Great Rift Valley of Africa. Meanwhile, strike-slip faults have walls that instead of moving up or down move sideways. That is, the slide happens alongside the strike, unlike dip-slip faults, which occur up or down the dip. In these faults, the fault plane is typically vertical, thus, there are no hanging walls and footwalls. The pressure forces causing these faults are horizontal, moving both sides past each other. The San Andreas Fault that runs through California is an example of a strike-slip fault. The majority of mountain ranges on Earth have been formed because of the compression along or within tectonic plates. Massive areas of bedrock disintegrate into blocks by faults. Landforms such as mountains, ridges, hills, valleys and lakes are occasionally created when the

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features - Essay Example The hanging wall slides going up past the footwall. The pushing forces that cause reserve faults are compressional which tries to thrust both the sides together. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall is the part that moves upward. Reverse faults are also occasionally called thrust faults. The term thrust fault is used to classify a fault with plates under the ocean. These kinds of faults can instigate more damage and destruction than strike-slips faults. The massive Sumatra earthquake in 2004, which cracked the biggest fault length of any documented earthquake, is an example of a reverse fault earthquake. The second type of fault is the normal fault, in which the pressure force that causes it is tension. The hanging wall moves downward as the footwall slides past it, going up. The forces that generate normal faults pull both sides apart, or extensional. Although it is termed a normal fault, a normal fault is not the most frequently occurring out of all the other types of faults. The term normal refers to the propensity for the movement of this type of fault to follow the direction of gravity. Examples of a normal fault are The Cabrillo Fault and The Great Rift Valley of Africa. Meanwhile, strike-slip faults have walls that instead of moving up or down move sideways. That is, the slide happens alongside the strike, unlike dip-slip faults, which occur up or down the dip. In these faults, the fault plane is typically vertical, thus, there are no hanging walls and footwalls. The pressure forces causing these faults are horizontal, moving both sides past each other. The San Andreas Fault that runs through California is an example of a strike-slip fault. The majority of mountain ranges on Earth have been formed because of the compression along or within tectonic plates. Massive areas of bedrock disintegrate into blocks by faults. Landforms such as mountains, ridges, hills, valleys and lakes are occasionally created when the

Strategic Planning in Uncertain and Dynamic Environments Research Paper

Strategic Planning in Uncertain and Dynamic Environments - Research Paper Example This process is called strategic planning and has been proved to result in different outcomes for different organizations, depending on the nature of the organization and the environment in which the organization operates.   Strategic planning is a systematic and documented process that is adapted for making decisions on what key decisions an organization must get right in order to ensure that the organization thrives in the future. The process of strategic planning leads to a strategic plan, which is a set of statements that describe the purpose and ethical conduct of an organization together with the different strategies that have been designed in order to achieve the targets that the organization has set (Pearce II, et al 1987). To achieve the best outcome, an organization should ensure that its strategic planning is effective, and is capable of sustainable strategic decisions. This is important as it might reduce the risk level for the organization, and improve the long-term performance of the organization. Different organizations have utilized the process of strategic planning differently, and have experienced varying results. Today, apart from large corporations, smaller organizations are equally adopting the process of strategic planning. While some organizations have successfully used strategic planning and experienced a positive outcome, other organizations have failed to realize a positive outcome with strategic planning. Therefore, strategic planning in this regard cannot be viewed as an ultimate or absolute effective process for organizational decision making and improved performance.  

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Essay

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - Essay Example Responsibility of local governments is increasing day by day but their financial position does not improve with the same speed. Hence local governments resort to intergovernmental transfers for small amounts to meet school related expenditures. Though this is the fact, financial aid from the state and the federal is on a reducing trend. When federal aid was reduced during the Reagan era, state funds came to the rescue of local governments to suffice their revenue needs. Later, state support also declined because it had to manage its budgets. Hence decrease in revenue has led to a collective slowdown in the economy of local regions. (Fahim, 2005). On the whole, the service delivery of local government to citizens is affected which is in turn controlled by political driven policies. This has raised arguments on the role of the American government with respect to its function and costs. Poor funding from federal programs has created an impact on the local government leader’s responsibilities and tasks, opinion on elected leaders and questions the role of citizens and the method with which local governance is carried out. Citizens feel that local governments are more dependable and efficient than the federal or state authorities. Hence citizens require the local government to play a detailed role in terms of requirements, priorities and methods to solve their issues. Though citizens require good service from the government they are reluctant to pay high amount of tax to avail better services. This has put the local government in a thoughtful condition where the government is in a position to implement innovative methods to draft budgets and manage funds in order to maintain a good relationship with citizens. Councils, governing bodies, boards, managers and staff who form the members of the local government structure are responsible to carry out the affairs of the citizens in

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features - Essay Example The hanging wall slides going up past the footwall. The pushing forces that cause reserve faults are compressional which tries to thrust both the sides together. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall is the part that moves upward. Reverse faults are also occasionally called thrust faults. The term thrust fault is used to classify a fault with plates under the ocean. These kinds of faults can instigate more damage and destruction than strike-slips faults. The massive Sumatra earthquake in 2004, which cracked the biggest fault length of any documented earthquake, is an example of a reverse fault earthquake. The second type of fault is the normal fault, in which the pressure force that causes it is tension. The hanging wall moves downward as the footwall slides past it, going up. The forces that generate normal faults pull both sides apart, or extensional. Although it is termed a normal fault, a normal fault is not the most frequently occurring out of all the other types of faults. The term normal refers to the propensity for the movement of this type of fault to follow the direction of gravity. Examples of a normal fault are The Cabrillo Fault and The Great Rift Valley of Africa. Meanwhile, strike-slip faults have walls that instead of moving up or down move sideways. That is, the slide happens alongside the strike, unlike dip-slip faults, which occur up or down the dip. In these faults, the fault plane is typically vertical, thus, there are no hanging walls and footwalls. The pressure forces causing these faults are horizontal, moving both sides past each other. The San Andreas Fault that runs through California is an example of a strike-slip fault. The majority of mountain ranges on Earth have been formed because of the compression along or within tectonic plates. Massive areas of bedrock disintegrate into blocks by faults. Landforms such as mountains, ridges, hills, valleys and lakes are occasionally created when the

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Essay

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - Essay Example Responsibility of local governments is increasing day by day but their financial position does not improve with the same speed. Hence local governments resort to intergovernmental transfers for small amounts to meet school related expenditures. Though this is the fact, financial aid from the state and the federal is on a reducing trend. When federal aid was reduced during the Reagan era, state funds came to the rescue of local governments to suffice their revenue needs. Later, state support also declined because it had to manage its budgets. Hence decrease in revenue has led to a collective slowdown in the economy of local regions. (Fahim, 2005). On the whole, the service delivery of local government to citizens is affected which is in turn controlled by political driven policies. This has raised arguments on the role of the American government with respect to its function and costs. Poor funding from federal programs has created an impact on the local government leader’s responsibilities and tasks, opinion on elected leaders and questions the role of citizens and the method with which local governance is carried out. Citizens feel that local governments are more dependable and efficient than the federal or state authorities. Hence citizens require the local government to play a detailed role in terms of requirements, priorities and methods to solve their issues. Though citizens require good service from the government they are reluctant to pay high amount of tax to avail better services. This has put the local government in a thoughtful condition where the government is in a position to implement innovative methods to draft budgets and manage funds in order to maintain a good relationship with citizens. Councils, governing bodies, boards, managers and staff who form the members of the local government structure are responsible to carry out the affairs of the citizens in

Kite Runner- Chapter 22 Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner- Chapter 22 Essay Chapter twenty-two represents a kind of purgatory for the main protagonist, Amir, within the novel. It can be argued that this chapter represents the cyclic nature of the novel, in the repetition of events. Hosseini manipulates Amir into nervous action; seemingly casual movements that delineate the fear, and in some respects the anticipation, that Amir experiences lying in wait for the ‘Talib’, visible within short sentences, for instance in ‘I crossed my legs. Uncrossed them;. In these lines, Amirs inner tension is evident. Amir’s isolation within the house is emphasised by his self-absorption, the way in which he studies the objects surrounding him. One such object that is described by Hosseini is the coffee table; on which are ‘walnut sized brass balls’, this depiction takes the reader back to the beginning of the novel, where in chapter 2 Hassan and Amir fired ‘mulberries and walnuts’, Hosseini uses symbolism to remind the reader of the friendship Amir once shared with Hassan in the house, which was ripped away by Assef, foreshadowing his return in chapter 22. The alliteration of ‘brass balls’ again takes the reader back to Amir’s childhood as Hosseini described Assef’s appearance as ‘stainless-steel, brass knuckles’ creating elements of fear. This fear is still there as Amir has avoided a confrontation as a child and the cause of his guilt, Amir now has the chance to redeem himself, throughout this part of the chapter Hosseini uses the sacrificial lamb imagery that he used when describing Hassan’s rape Through Amir, Hosseini explores the Talib’s appearance in comparison to the other occupants of the room. In terms of colouring, he is labelled as â€Å"much paler† than the other two men, and so different in origin. This seems to be a re-occurring theme throughout, this differences of culture and beliefs. His clothing is also depicted; by Amir in finding fascination in bloodstains left by participation in the stoning, the blood on this stark white clothing could have connotations of butchery and the rape of Hassan. The Talib’s dialogue reinforces the visibility of a vicious nature, so viewed in previous chapters (i.e. public stoning), in the recounting of achievements ‘We’d shoot them right there in front of their families’ massacring Hazaras. Upon meeting Sohrab, Amir comments on the similarities between father and son, referring to Sohrab’s facial structure as the â€Å"Chinese doll face of my childhood† in reference to Hassan. Sohrab’s features act as a physical reminder of what Hassan experienced earlier in the novel. This is reflected in the Talib’s identity; Assef. It is almost fitting that in a country broken in pieces, he has come to a position of power, Assef himself becomes a later characterisation of Hitler, ‘doing God’s work’. This helps to associate the Taliban’s ‘ethnic cleansing’ with the Holocaust, re-enforcing the Assef is an evil man that hasn’t changed since he was a child, emphasised by his paedophilia. There is symmetry in the way that Amir receives the beating, a relation to Assef in it. As Assef laughed during his own in passing a painful kidney stone, so Amir laughs in his pain. He finally collects his due, and in doing so expels his guilt and inner turmoil. The circle is completed when he is rescued from death by Sohrab, releases a slingshot containing one of the brass balls into Assefs eye, in an action that almost replicates his fathers, Hassans, decades before. In protecting Sorab, Amir also saves himself, ‘for the first time since the winter of 1975, I felt at peace’, It seems that Amir has finally found redemption which he has been looking for ever since his childhood, a turning point in the novel The last instance of irony occurs at the climax of the novel in chapter 22 in Amirs act of redemption. This act was submitting to Assefs beating when going to rescue Hassans son, Sohrab from him. A small ironic instance is that Amir is healed emotionally by being wounded and destroyed physically. This shows the supremacy of emotions and the mind over the body in finding joy, as Amir is immensely relieved in his pain. The more important example was that Amir finally is the man Baba desired him to be after Babas death, when he no longer is obsessed with pleasing his father and making him proud. By the time he finally earned Babas respect and pride, Baba couldn’t see it. This is vital because it shows that Amirs motives were pure. There was no glory as a result of his heroic actions and his father wouldnt know. Because of his pure motives, he was able to be a true hero and the man he had been seeking to become. No progress can be made or no character built and strengthened when the driving motive behind the actions is glory.. Amir is forever changed from this action he takes to save Sohrab and humbly take Assefs beating.

Sociological Theories of Language and Power

Sociological Theories of Language and Power Given that sociological theories are just that- theories, it is impossible to say that they can sufficiently explain or define any aspect of our lives. However, sociological theories can help us to understand the way in we interact with each other and society thereby broadening our knowledge and perspectives. In the following discussion we will look briefly at some of the main sociological perspectives. We will then look at language as a means of communication and social interaction. Finally we will examine the relationship between language and power by exploring mass communication and its effect on social life. Sociology is concerned with society, with individuals in society, with institutions and with its norms and values. As Bilton et al state, social life is a puzzle and sociologists spend their professional lives trying to make sense of it. (2002 p4) Within sociology, there are several different influences which affect how theorists explain or attempt to explain social phenomena. These include functionalism, conflict theory and Marxism among others. Functionalism views the various parts of society as interrelated parts of a complete system. It sees behaviour as being structured and social relationships as being patterned and recurrent. It also emphasizes the role of value consensus within society. For example from a functionalist perspective, the family structure as a recurring social unit plays an important role in society. The family is the main socialising agency for young people and acts as a stabilising influence in society by propagating the shared norms and values of society (Har alambos and Holborn 1995, p8-9). In direct contrast, conflict theory is concerned with social structure as a cause and reflection of social inequality. Wallace and Wolf outline three basic assumptions of conflict theory. Firstly it assumes all people have basic common interests. Secondly that power is central to all relationships and thirdly it assumes that values and ideas are seen as weapons used by groups in their own interests rather than a way of defining society as a whole (1999, p68). It is similar to the Marxist perspective of society as operating through the fundamental conflicts of interests between the social groups involved in the production process (1995, p12). Another sociological perspective is structuralism, which was strongly influenced by the work of Sauserre in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Sauserre developed the study of linguistics by looking at language as it is structured. According to Sauserre, analysing the structures of language means looking for the rules which underlie our speech. He argued that the meaning of words is derived from the structures of language, not the objects to which they refer. In this way, meaning is created by the differences between related concepts which the rules of a language recognise (Giddens 1989, p698-699). The field of semiotics is largely derived from Sauserres work on linguistics. The semiotic approach that meaning is located in the sign, has important consequences for how we view culture and language and through these, power. Sauserre described semiotics as a science that studies the life of signs within a society. It is concerned with meaning as something which is socially produced and proposes that the decoding process of communication is as important as the encoding process. In semiotics, meaning is derived from signs through their structural organisation. Sauserre conceived of signs as being made up of the sound image, termed the signifier and the mental concept, termed the signified. In this way signs can differ between individuals. For example when one person in a group refers to a car, everyone would conceptualise a car but each persons car would be very different. According to Mulholland (1991, p17), language is the instrument by which meaning is realised and by which effective social interaction can be created and sustained. She adds, language is not a neutral toolwhenever one encodes something of the world into language one is fitting it into a systematic code which works to produce meaning both paradigmatically (by choice of one item from a similar set of items) and syntygmatically (by arranging choices into sentence patterns).This can influence how it works to represent both propositional content (the happenings of the world when they become the subject matter of speech) and interpersonal content (the attitudes, role, tone and so on of relationships) (Mulholland 1991, p18). Therefore language is much more than a set of words and phrases which we use to communicate. And aside from spoken or written language, communication is also achieved through body language, a look or a gesture can say all that needs to be said. Much of our communication is based on shared codes and cultures. Day to day conversations are based on a knowledge of ourselves and the people we are communicating with. However, there are many factors which influence how we communicate. For example, our audience, the context, the desired outcomes of the communication and shared terms of reference. For example teenagers may be comfortable talking together about the latest rap artists and may even adopt some of their lingo whilst their parents may have no idea what they are talking about. This is because the parents are not familiar with the context (rap) of the conversation. Another factor which affects communication is the power and relative status of the speakers. Consider for example being told to step aside on a pavement by a police officer. Most people would comply with the request since the police (generally speaking) have an authority bestowed on them by their uniform. Similarly, we are inclined to give credibility to news broadcasts because we believe that the newsreader has authority and therefore what he or she is telling us must be true. Although Eldridge (1993) and others have argued that news is just a social construction anyway and as such cannot be considered unique or impartial, it is not reality which is constructed but a semblance of it. (1993 p33) However many argue that the media and the language it uses is manipulated by those who are in power in order to reinforce and legitimate that power. According to Adorno and Horkheimer (1979) the media is a technological system which is grounded in economic power. They argue that through the m edia, power and social systems are reproduced which in turn reproduce forms of social inequality in which political and economic spheres are inextricably mixed (cited Eldridge 1993, p34). They argue that news as such is just the result of what is considered important or proper between a select and unrepresentative group of business people, reporters and officials. In contrast to this a pluralist conception of mass communication is that there is such an enormous flow of messages and images that we can choose among them which to believe and which to discard. The Marxist response to this is that whilst it is true that the media occupies a contested space which has economic, cultural and political constraints as well as commercial pressures, these merely lead to different patterns of domination and agenda setting. (Eldridge, p36) For example, Williams has stated the commercial character of television has then to be seen at several levels: as the making of programmes for profit in a known market; as a channel for advertising; and as a cultural and political form directly shaped by and dependent on the norms of a capitalist society, selling both consumer goods and a way of life based on them in an ethos that is at once locally generated, by domestic capital interests and authorities and internationally organised by the dominant capitalist power. (ci ted in Fairclough 1995, p43) Mass communication is frequently discussed in terms of its effect on listeners/ viewers/ readers. In this way, it can be said to be a powerful force in our everyday lives. Therefore the language it employs also has a certain power. The formal language of the newsreader for example implies knowledge and authority and we are inclined to trust this voice. Likewise, the more commercial an image becomes, the less we are likely to trust it. Conclusion Sociological theories such as structuralism are very useful in enhancing our understanding of language and power in society. By comparing differing theories of language and of power we may not come up with definitive answers but we are certainly more knowledgeable about the processes. Power is exerted through many different means and language is just one of these. However it is potentially a very influential source of power and one which is exploited wherever possible. This can be seen in many facets of social life from politics, economics even religion and popular culture.

Ansel Adams :: essays papers

Ansel Adams Ansel Easton Adams was born in San Francisco in 1902, the only child of Charles and Olive Adams. He grew up in a house overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge and had a strong appreciation for beauty. By 1908 Adams was an enormously curious and gifted child, and began a precarious and largely unsuccessful journey through the rigid structure of the public school system. In 1914 Adams taught himself to play the piano and excelled at his serious study of music, however he despised the regimentation of a regular education, and was taken out of school. For that year, his father bought him a season pass to the Panama-Pacific Exposition, which he visited nearly every day, and began to receive private scholastic instruction from tutors. In 1916 Adams convinced his parents to take a family vacation in Yosemite National Park. It was here that he took his first picture at the age of 14 with a box Brownie camera given to him by his parents. Ansel immediately developed an enthusiastic interest in both photography and the nati In 1931 he began writing a photography column for The Fortnightly. He could no longer keep up with orders for his prints or requests for him to exhibit. In 1932, Adams with Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, and other proponents of pure photography, founded Group f.64, and was part of the renowned Group f.64 exhibition at the M. H. de Young Museum, San Francisco. In 1933 his son Michael was born and two years later his daughter Anne was born. Always striving to improve the field of photography he developed his Zone System technique of exposure and development control while teaching at the Art Center School in Los Angeles. For his accomplis hments he was granted the Guggenheim Fellowship, so that he could continue his photography. In 1949 he becomes a consultant to the newly founded Polaroid Corporation. For many years he continued to photograph commercially, most extensively for Universities in California. In 1959 he moderated a series of five films for television, once again demonstrating h On April 22 1984 Ansel Easton Adams died of heart failure aggravated by cancer. Major stories appeared on all primary television networks and on the front page of most newspapers nationwide. A commemorative exhibition and memorial celebration was held in Carmel. California Senators Alan Cranston and Pete Wilson sponsored successful legislation to create an Ansel Adams Wilderness Area of more than 100,000 acres between Yosemite National Park and the John Muir Wilderness Area. Ansel Adams :: essays papers Ansel Adams Ansel Easton Adams was born in San Francisco in 1902, the only child of Charles and Olive Adams. He grew up in a house overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge and had a strong appreciation for beauty. By 1908 Adams was an enormously curious and gifted child, and began a precarious and largely unsuccessful journey through the rigid structure of the public school system. In 1914 Adams taught himself to play the piano and excelled at his serious study of music, however he despised the regimentation of a regular education, and was taken out of school. For that year, his father bought him a season pass to the Panama-Pacific Exposition, which he visited nearly every day, and began to receive private scholastic instruction from tutors. In 1916 Adams convinced his parents to take a family vacation in Yosemite National Park. It was here that he took his first picture at the age of 14 with a box Brownie camera given to him by his parents. Ansel immediately developed an enthusiastic interest in both photography and the nati In 1931 he began writing a photography column for The Fortnightly. He could no longer keep up with orders for his prints or requests for him to exhibit. In 1932, Adams with Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, and other proponents of pure photography, founded Group f.64, and was part of the renowned Group f.64 exhibition at the M. H. de Young Museum, San Francisco. In 1933 his son Michael was born and two years later his daughter Anne was born. Always striving to improve the field of photography he developed his Zone System technique of exposure and development control while teaching at the Art Center School in Los Angeles. For his accomplis hments he was granted the Guggenheim Fellowship, so that he could continue his photography. In 1949 he becomes a consultant to the newly founded Polaroid Corporation. For many years he continued to photograph commercially, most extensively for Universities in California. In 1959 he moderated a series of five films for television, once again demonstrating h On April 22 1984 Ansel Easton Adams died of heart failure aggravated by cancer. Major stories appeared on all primary television networks and on the front page of most newspapers nationwide. A commemorative exhibition and memorial celebration was held in Carmel. California Senators Alan Cranston and Pete Wilson sponsored successful legislation to create an Ansel Adams Wilderness Area of more than 100,000 acres between Yosemite National Park and the John Muir Wilderness Area.

Of Gods And Romans Essay -- essays research papers

Of Gods and Romans The Romans during the time of their Republic relied on their advanced technology, social structure, leadership and politics to achieve as much as they did. To these people, their gods affected all of these factors and the relationships mankind had with them. The contractual relationship between mankind and the gods involved each party in giving, and in return receiving services. The Romans believed that spirits residing in natural and physical objects had the power to control the processes of nature, and that man could influence these processes by symbolic action. The first is a primitive form of religious creed; the second a type of magic. The services by which the Romans hoped to influence the forces that guided their lives were firmly established in ritual - the ritual of prayer and the ritual of offering. In either case, the exact performance of the rite was essential. One slip, and you had to go back to the beginning and start again. The very multiplicity of deities caused problems, as did the gender of some of them: 'wether you be god or goddess' was a common formula in Roman prayers. The motivations of the sacrifices are what of interest. Most of the time, sacrifices took place for purification, supplication, or celebration. The purification ritual was one that was performed before battle (285). Asking for a deed to be done was very popular as well. One usually asked for victory and good fortune in battle (20). Celebration is the event that seems to be the most spectacular of all. Whether it is in joy of an enemies’ death, such as Mithridates (201), the end of illness of a leader like Pompey (218), or simply the merriment that comes after large victory, we see this in Caesar’s winnings in Gaul (264). Some sacrificial events took place in order to ask forgiveness and appeasement for defeat of a religious enemy (90 – 91). Any sacrificial routine was elaborate and messy. The head of the victim was sprinkled with wine and bits of sacred cake made from flour and salt. Then its throat was cut and it was disemboweled to ensure there was nothing untoward about its entrails. If there was, it was not only a bad omen, but the whole process had to be repeated with a fresh animal until it came out right. The vital organs were burnt upon the altar and the carcass cut into pieces and eaten on the spot, or else laid aside. Then the priest, we... ...als to changes in social conditions and attitudes. To the Romans, the observance of religious rites was a public duty rather than a private impulse. Their beliefs were founded on a variety of unconnected and often inconsistent mythological traditions, many of them derived from the Greek rather than Italian models (90 – 91). Without any basic creed to counter them, foreign religions easily made inroads into a society whose class-structure was being blurred and whose constitution was being changed by social change. The brilliance of some of the major foreign cults had considerable attraction for those brought up on homespun deities of the hearth and fields. Compare to modern society, the Romans seem extremely superstitious. But then today's major religions have all throughout their past discouraged, even combated, superstitions. Also present-day sciences and technological world allow little room for superstition. The Romans lived in an era previous to this. Their world was full of unexplained phenomena, darkness and fear. These characteristics affected every aspect of Roman life. To Romans, these superstitions were a perfectly natural part in the relationship between gods and men.

Han Dynasty and Mauryan/Gupta Dynasties

Han Dynasty (China) vs. Mauryan/Gupta Dynasties (India) The Han Dynasty lasted from 206 BCE – 220 BCE, and was in China. The Mauryan and Gupta Dynasty lasted from 322 BCE – 500 CE, and were in India. The Mauryan Dynasty ended by 185 BCE. The Gupta Dynasty started in 320 CE. In my essay I am going to be comparing and contrasting the 3 dynasty’s (2 of them as 1), and their control through religion, trade, male dominance, and how they fell. The Han Dynasty controlled their empire through Confucianism. One of the emperor’s, Han Wudi, established an Imperial University.Confucianism was the official course of study. If you wanted to become part of the government you had to have â€Å"graduated† from the University. Any person from an social class could go to the University. Going to the University actually could bump you up to a better social class. Most of the emperors of the Han Dynasty ruled through Confucians teachings: Ren, Li, and Xiao. While the Gu pta Dynasty went through a few religions; Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. They mostly used Buddhism and Jainism to control the empire. Both religions had many restraints on what you could and could not do.Jainism didn’t believe that women could go through the spiritual process unless they were reborn male. I don’t understand why in history women were always looked down upon, and weren’t allowed to do what males can do. They had different religions, but the same purpose. China’s one main trade was silk. Everyone wanted China’s silk because it was the best; plain and simple. Even if you tried to duplicate their stitching, it wasn’t as good. China was extremely secretive on how they created silk, and made items out of it. They were the only culture at the time who knew how to take care of the silk worms.Even if outsiders were able to sneak one out of the country, the worm died soon because they didn’t know the proper way to take of it. China only traded with villages outside their wall. India on the other hand traded across the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean. Their trade schedule depended on the monsoon winds. They traded from Asia to Persia. If you were born a Vaishyas you were a merchant/ trader. The social class you were born into decided what you did for a living. Male dominance; the only subject you can ever get me extremely wound up about.If I had lived during the time period of male dominance I would have been a very disobedient woman. In China according to Confucius, women were only around to serve their husbands and take care of the children. They were also not granted a proper education and most of them couldn’t read or write. Their duty was to be a good little house wife. In India arranged marriage was common. Father’s paid another family to have their son marry his daughter. The daughter could be eight years old, while the man she was married to was twenty. I think that†™s just wrong and disgusting. The Han Dynasty fell because of a rebellion.The people were tired of the tax raises. They didn’t like that they were forced to help build the Great Wall. They definitely didn’t like the property policies; having their land easily taken from them and given to someone richer. The Mauryan Dynasty fell because they kept devaluing the currency; making everything too expensive and it cause inflation. The Gupta Dynasty fell because it was continuously invaded by the White Hun’s. It disintegrated along regional fault lines. After the Gupta Dynasty fell smaller kingdoms were created and dominated India until the Mughal Empire.

Euthensia

Literature REVIEW ON Euthanasia Subbmitted by : Mayank Grover 19/053 Sec B PGDM-1 Euthanasia Euthanasia (from the Greek meaning â€Å"good death†:( well or good) + (death)) refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. There are different euthanasia laws in each country. The House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics of England defines euthanasia as â€Å"a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering†. In the Netherlands, euthanasia is understood as â€Å"termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient†. Wreen, offered a six part definition: â€Å"Person A committed an act of euthanasia if and only if (1) A killed B or let her die; (2) A intended to kill B; (3) the intention specified in (2) was at least partial cause of the action specified in (1); (4) the causal journey from the intention specified in (2) to the action specified in (1) is more or less in accordance with A's plan of action; (5) A's killing of B is a voluntary action; (6) the motive for the action specified in (1), the motive standing behind the intention specified in (2), is the good of the person killed. The definition offered by the Oxford English Dictionary incorporates suffering as a necessary condition, with â€Å"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma†. History According to the historian N. D. A. Kemp, the origin of the contemporary debate on euthanasia started in 1870. Nevertheless, euthanasia was debated and practiced long before that date. Euthanasia was practised in Ancient Greece and Rome: for example, hemlock was employed as a means of hastening death on the island of Kea, a technique also employed in Marseilles and by Socrates in Athens. Euthanasia, in the sense of the deliberate hastening of a person's death, was supported by Socrates, Plato and Seneca the Elder in the ancient world, although Hippocrates appears to have spoken against the practice, writing â€Å"I will not prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, nor give advice that may cause his death† (noting there is some debate in the literature about whether or not this was intended to encompass euthanasia). Euthanasia was strongly opposed in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Thomas Aquinas opposed both and argued that the practice of euthanasia contradicted our natural human instincts of survival. As did Francois Ranchin (1565–1641), a French physician and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (1601–1681), a physician and teacher. Nevertheless, there were voices arguing for euthanasia, such as John Donne in 1624, and euthanasia continued to be practiced. Suicide and euthanasia were more acceptable under Protestantism and during the Age of Enlightenment, and Thomas More wrote of euthanasia in Utopia, although it is not clear if More was intending to endorse the practice. Other cultures have taken different approaches: for example, in Japan suicide has not traditionally been viewed as a sin, and accordingly the perceptions of euthanasia are different from those in other parts of the world. Classification of euthanasia Euthanasia may be classified according to whether a person gives informed consent into three types: voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. There is a debate within the medical and bioethics literature about whether or not the non-voluntary (and by extension, involuntary) killing of patients can be regarded as euthanasia, irrespective of intent or the patient's circumstances. In the definitions offered by Beauchamp & Davidson and, later, by Wreen, consent on the part of the patient was not considered to be one of their criteria, although it may have been required to justify euthanasia. However, others see consent as essential. Voluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed voluntary euthanasia. Active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the U. S. per Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health. When the patient brings about his or her own death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the U. S. states of Oregon, Washington and Montana. Non-voluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable is termed non-voluntary euthanasia. Examples include child euthanasia, which is illegal worldwide but decriminalized under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol. Involuntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted against the will of the patient is termed involuntary euthanasia. Passive euthanasia Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life. Active euthanasia Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces, such as administering a lethal injection, to kill and is the most controversial means. Legal status West's Encyclopedia of American Law states that â€Å"a ‘mercy killing' or euthanasia is generally considered to be a criminal homicide† and is normally used as a synonym of homicide committed at a request made by the patient. The judicial sense of the term â€Å"homicide† includes any intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, even to relieve intractable suffering. Not all homicide is unlawful. Two designations of homicide that carry no criminal punishment are justifiable and excusable homicide. In most countries this is not the status of euthanasia. The term â€Å"euthanasia† is usually confined to the active variety; the University of Washington website states that â€Å"euthanasia generally means that the physician would act directly, for instance by giving a lethal injection, to end the patient's life†. Physician-assisted suicide is thus not classified as euthanasia by the US State of Oregon, where it is legal under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, and despite its name, it is not legally classified as suicide either. Unlike physician-assisted suicide, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments with patient consent (voluntary) is almost unanimously considered, at least in the United States, to be legal. The use of pain medication in order to relieve suffering, even if it hastens death, has been held as legal in several court decisions. Some governments around the world have legalized voluntary euthanasia but generally it remains as a criminal homicide. In the Netherlands and Belgium, where euthanasia has been legalized, it still remains homicide although it is not prosecuted and not punishable if the perpetrator (the doctor) meets certain legal exceptions. Legal Status in INDIA Passive euthanasia is legal in India. On 7 March 2011 the Supreme Court of India legalised passive euthanasia by means of the withdrawal of life support to patients in a permanent vegetative state. The decision was made as part of the verdict in a case involving Aruna Shanbaug, who has been in a vegetative state for 37 years at King Edward Memorial Hospital. The high court rejected active euthanasia by means of lethal injection. In the absence of a law regulating euthanasia in India, the court stated that its decision becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suitable law. Active euthanasia, including the administration of lethal compounds for the purpose of ending life, is still illegal in India, and in most countries. Aruna Shanbaug case Aruna Shanbaug was a nurse working at the KEM Hospital in Mumbai on 27 November 1973 when she was strangled and sodomized by Sohanlal Walmiki, a sweeper. During the attack she was strangled with a chain, and the deprivation of oxygen has left her in a vegetative state ever since. She has been treated at KEM since the incident and is kept alive by feeding tube. On behalf of Aruna, her friend Pinki Virani, a social activist, filed a petition in the Supreme Court arguing that the â€Å"continued existence of Aruna is in violation of her right to live in dignity†. The Supreme Court made its decision on 7 March 2011. The court rejected the plea to discontinue Aruna's life support but issued a set of broad guidelines legalizing passive euthanasia in India. The Supreme Court's decision to reject the discontinuation of Aruna's life support was based on the fact the hospital staff who treat and take care of her did not support euthanizing her. Supreme Court decision While rejecting Pinki Virani's plea for Aruna Shanbaug's euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for passive euthanasia. According to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of treatment or food that would allow the patient to live. Forms of active euthanasia, including the administration of lethal compounds, are legal in a number of nations and jurisdictions, including Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the US states of Washington and Oregon, but they are still illegal in India. The Euthanasia: Global Issue. Recently, the phrase â€Å"doctor-assisted-suicide† has been added to the euthanasia vocabulary. Acting in accord with the patient's wishes, a physician provides the terminally ill individual with lethal medication. The patient decides when to take the medication, so that the physician does not participate directly in the death. Of course, rational, but severely handicapped patients, such as those in the final stages of ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), are automatically eliminated from this mode of dying because they are not able to take medication without assistance. In countries where suicide and assisted suicide are against the law, doctor-assisted-suicide would not be tolerated. Recently, plastic-bag-death has received some publicity. Plastic-bag-death permits a terminally ill patient to commit suicide without incriminating others. The patient is supplied with sleeping pills, perhaps a glass of alcohol, such as vodka, to enhance the effectiveness of the sleeping potions, an airtight plastic bag large enough to fit comfortably over the head, a dust mask, and an elastic band. The provider leaves the premises. The patient, now alone, swallows the sleeping tablets, drinks the alcohol, dons the dust mask (to keep the plastic from adhering to the mouth and nose), pulls the plastic bag over the head and secures it with the elastic band around the neck. Any temporary breathing discomfort can be alleviated by extending the rubber band to permit air to enter. Ultimately, the patient falls asleep and dies quietly by asphyxiation. Ethical Issues Moral, ethical and religious issues pertaining to euthanasia embrace subjects as diverse as â€Å"patient autonomy,† â€Å"quality of life,† â€Å"sanctity of life,† â€Å"death with dignity,† â€Å"patient's rights,† and â€Å"playing God. † Medical personnel and their patients, both old and young, wrestle with problems associated with treatment futility, informed choice, right-to-die, autonomy versus paternalism, beneficence versus maleficence, and so on, each of which impacts, either directly or indirectly, on the issue of euthanasia. What is most important in any discussion of global euthanasia is the recognition of the varied ethnic, national and religious differences to be found and respected in communities throughout the world. At the same time, the ethical issues that are raised by the subject of euthanasia are all embracing and include the following: 1. Patient Autonomy In democratic countries, where individual freedom to choose is accepted as a civil right, end-of-life decisions should be made, primarily, by the patient. Self-determinism pays respect to an individual's personal values and enables the individual to be responsible for his or her own life. To deny competent individuals, and in particular elderly persons, the right to choose not only denies respect for their lifetimes of decision making but smacks of medical paternalism. Obviously, attitudes towards the process of dying will vary. Religious and cultural traditions including local customs will tend to dictate patterns to be followed. However, the empowerment of the elder and recognition of the elder's personal values must not be denied. In most countries, however, elderly patients who wish to exercise their autonomy and choose immediate death over lingering death, are denied their right to choose. 2. Informed Choice, Informed Consent Patient autonomy automatically includes the right to full information concerning the nature and development of the terminal illness, the choices for treatment that remain, the anticipated consequences of each form of treatment, and what will occur if the patient refuses treatment. Such information is often withheld from the elderly person. Paternalistic physicians may seek to shield the elderly patient from the truth or from a full evaluation of a terminal disease in the belief that the elderly are less able than younger persons to handle troublesome information. When medical personnel conclude that further treatment is futile and that nothing can be done to stop the progress of the disease, all competent patients, including elderly patients, need to be fully informed. Only then can the informed patient make an informed choice between alternate treatments and comprehend the consequences of choosing no treatment. Informed choice also provides the terminally ill patient with time and opportunity to make closure with those who matter most. 3. Playing God: Sanctity of Life, Quality of Life For some, the sanctity-of-life thesis rests upon the theological argument that life is a gift or a loan from God and that only God should determine when that gift or loan should be returned. Those who seek to end their life are, therefore, â€Å"playing God. † The thesis has been challenged for not every person will accept a theological interpretation of life. Sanctity of life may argue biologically. Each human life marks the end product of millions of years of evolution. Each person is absolutely unique, with a personal DNA and a lived life that can never be duplicated. As a one-of-a-kind individual life, the preciousness and sanctity of that existence is to be honored and revered. However, as we shall see below, some are born with defective genes. An encephalic infant will have a life span of a few hours or a few days. Nothing can be done to replace the missing brain. The infant will automatically die. In most instances, the newborn is place in an isolation unit, receiving a minimal amount of care. Sustaining nourishment and health care is reserved for infants who will survive. Neither God nor nature provides for us equally. Conclusion Euthanasia is morally permissible under certain circumstances. It is also believe that people should be given the choice to voluntarily ask for some assistance in ending their own lives. We know that if we were dying with a terminal illness or even if we had some sort crippling disease we would at least like to have the right to choose my own fate. People do not see any arguments that prove to me that it should be wrong in a moral and legal standpoint to actively and voluntarily ask for euthanasia.

LPN -BS TRANSITION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LPN -BS TRANSITION - Essay Example There are three basic aspects that can be used to distinguish between these two levels of nurses: education, the amount of salary paid and their responsibilities. In terms of education, each level requires different educational approach from the other. Even though both RNs and LPN requires basic BS, the duration for completing the program differs. In United States of America, most institutions take between one and one and half years to train LPN nurse. On the other hand, it takes from two to three years to train RN nurse. Upon completion of the training, the RN nurse graduate with professional nursing degree while LPN nurse graduate with practical nursing degree. Therefore, both training results to an award of BS but it is clear that RN is advance more than LPN. The reason why RN training takes more time as compared to LPN training in universities and colleges is that RN has additional courses such as community health, biology as well as administrative courses (Sherri, Jean, Kathryn, & Katherine, 2012). Consequently, any student with an intention of becoming a RN must devote an additional studying time as opposed to LPNs. However, there are differences between RN and LPNs as far as responsibilities are concerned. Broadly, the RN supervises the operations of the LPNs. It is the responsibility of the LPNs to undertake the basic nursing roles of reporting to both the RN and doctor. In particularly, LPNs perform the following roles: administration of the basic nursing care, supporting the patients both socially and physically, reporting to supervisor any changes in a patient, and passing any information regarding treatment to a patient. It should be noted that LPNs are not allowed to perform certain duties such as initiation of IV in certain jurisdictions. Depending on the state, there are different strategies and legislations that

Sedimentary Rocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sedimentary Rocks - Essay Example The key characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is that they are layered. Although there cover of the earth’s crust is extensive (about 75 per cent), sedimentary rocks only constitute about five per cent of the total volume of the crust. The earth’s crust mainly consists of the igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are vital sources of the natural resources such as coal and drinking water (Stille and Fichter, 2008). Formation of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are usually formed in areas where there is water or water had existed in one particular time. The dead materials of animals, plants, and pieces of rocks or minerals are then transported to these areas (water bodies) by wind, water, ice, or gravity where they are often dropped off and sink to the bottom. At the bottom of the water bodies, they little by little begin to form layers which build on top of one another. This puts pressure on the lower layers thus the weight of all of the layers pushes down the lower layers until they harden into rock.   This process does not occur in few years but takes millions of years to happen.   During this process, the water body dries up and the sedimentary layer that used to be under water becomes a surface layer (Boggs, 1995). Categories of Sedimentary Rocks According to Stille and Fichter (2008), sedimentary rocks are categorized into three main groups based on sediment type. The three categories include: Clastic Sedimentary Rock: they are formed from mechanical weathering debris. Examples include sandstone, conglomerate and breccias. Organic Sedimentary Rocks: they are formed from accumulation of dead plant and animal materials. Examples include coal and some limestones. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: they are formed by precipitation of dissolved materials from solutions. Examples include some limestones and rock salt. Distinguishing Characteristics between the Three Categories of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary Rocks These are the most common type of sedimentary rocks and are comprised of granular materials which occur in sediments. Clastic rocks largely consist of surface minerals such as clay, feldspar and quartz which are formed as a result of physical breakdown of rocks and alteration of rocks chemically. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to the size of the particle which is dominant in the rock. For example, Breccia is composed of large angular fragment, sandstone is composed of sand size weathering debris and conglomerate is made up of large rounded particles. Clastic sedimentary rocks have clastic texture; they are made up of clasts (Stille and Fichter, 2008). Organic Sedimentary Rocks Organic sedimentary rocks are composed of organic matter: animal and plant fragments. This type of rock is usually formed in two ways. One type (which includes limestone and chest) forms in the sea due accumulation of dead plankton shells whereas as the other one (coal) is formed due accumulation of dead plant on the earth surface (Boggs, 1995). Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by inorganic precipitation of supersaturated mineral constituents. They form within the depositional basin from components of chemicals dissolved in water. Unlike clastic sedimentary rocks, the direct origin of chemicals is not east to esteblish. The chemicals could originate from magma or from an

Probation and Parole Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Probation and Parole - Research Paper Example Community corrections programs offer front and back end alternatives for correctional systems. In reference to front end, alternatives probation has offered a means of limiting further crowding in prisons and jails. On the other hand, parole systems have consistently acted as back end measures that offer release valves on prison populations. The issue of rehabilitative measures for criminal offenders has often elicited much debate in countries such as the United States. To this end, there are several rehabilitation programs that have shown positive results. These, include, Moral Reconation Therapy, probation and parole. Moral Reconation Therapy Moral Reconation Therapy entails a continuous treatment plan that aims at decreasing recidivism among adult and juvenile offenders while at the same time adjusting moral reasoning. To this end, the approach is majorly a cognitive behavior mechanism that combines parameters from various psychological paradigms. These subsequently address positi ve behavior, social, ego and moral growth. Implementation of MRT involves individual and group counseling by use of prescribed homework assignments and structured group exercises. Moreover, there is a workbook that is based on 16 objective units that emphasize on seven basic treatment parameters. These are attitudes, reinforcement of positive habits and behavior; confrontation of beliefs; assessment of current relationships; enhancement of self concept; positive identity formation; development of frustration tolerance and decrease in hedonism; as well as development of higher moral reasoning stages. Probation The application of probation and parole in rehabilitating offenders is guided partly by the philosophies of positivism and classicalism (Carter & Wilkins, 1976). On one hand, positivists imply that offenders are compelled into the choice of committing crime against their own volition and consequently the behavior or conditions that triggered the action need to be rectified. Con versely, classicalists contend that offenders are in control over the choice of their actions and consequently to deter future criminal activities, such offenders need to be punished. To this end, probation is defined as a sanction imposed by court whereby a convicted offender is released back into the community subject to a conditional suspended sentence. Moreover, the probationer is in most situations a non-violent or first time offender who stands the best chance of rehabilitation within the outside community. The suitability and effectiveness of probation is driven by its flexibility in allowing judicial authorities a high extent of discretion when imposing sentences. Consequently, it allows the tailoring of sentences to suit different offenders. Furthermore, its effectiveness is driven by the availability of a supervision that checks on the progress of rehabilitation. The supervision role is provided by probation officers who offer support and guidance to the offender aimed at making him or her law abiding citizen. To this end, probation offers a second chance of reformation to the offender. Evidently, there are several version of probation designed for different types of offenders. This is driven by the need to jails and prisons. These include intensive supervised probation which entails close monitoring of convicts and applies stringent conditions on the release clause. Others include split sentencing